Cell Biology of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Essay Example

Cell Biology of Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Essay Parvoviruses are among the smallest animal DNA viruses which contain a protein coat (capsid) and a single strand of DNA inside (Vihinen-Ranta et al. 2004). The Parvoridae family is further divided into two subfamilies and these are the Parvovirinae, which infects vertebrates, and the Densovirinae, which infects invertebrates most specifically insects. The subfamily Parvovirinae can be classified into three genera and these include Parvovirus (autonomous parvovirus), Dependovirus, and Densovirus (cited in Siegel et al. 1985, Berns 1996).   The autonomous parvoviruses are the ones that infect humans as well as other animals such as dogs, cats, mice, and swine (Suikkannen, 2003). Canine Parvovirus belongs to the genera Parvovirus is closely related to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) with over 98% similarity in their DNA sequences within the capsid protein gene. Similarity in the DNA sequence of CPV and FPV is mainly attributed to the mutation in a strain of FPV. The mutation in the s train of FPV allowed the virus to extend its host range to canine species (Vihinen-Ranta et al. 2004).The Canine Parvovirus, specifically CPV type 2 emerged in 1978 as a new virus which infects dogs all over the world. The virus became prevalent to canids such as dogs, coyotes and wolves. Canine Parvovirus causes vomiting, intestinal infection resulting in severe diarrhea, anorexia, rapid dehydration, and death as a result of dehydration. The stool usually contains blood and has a very characteristic odor (hemorrhagic enteritis) . The virus may affect all ages of Canidae (Canine family) but, puppies 6 to 16 weeks of age are more susceptible since puppies younger than this usually acquire protection by the antibodies they received in the mothers milk. These antibodies can be acquired by the puppies from the mothers milk on the first two days; this is denoted as Colostrum. CPV can be transmitted through oronasal exposure to contaminated stool, hair coat, and formites or vectors such a s contaminated instruments, insects, and rodents (Skellenger, 2008).Canine Parvovirus is considered to be a host specific virus since it only affects the Canidae or canine family. The host specificity of the CPV can be explained   in the cellular level.   In order for a viral particle to infect the host cell, it must begin with attachment to the host cell, penetration into the cytosol, uncoating and injection its nucleic acids inside the cell, and targeting the genome and any required accessory proteins toward the correct cellular organelle or compartment for replication (Vihinen-Ranta, 2004). The virus, Canine Parvovirus in particular can accomplish it through its nonenveloped capsid (protein coat) which is very specific to what host cells it can attach   to (Hueffer et al. 2003). The entry and infection of the viral particles with nonenveloped capsid is initiated with receptor-mediated endocytosis unlike to those enveloped viruses which entry is initiated with glycoprotein-m ediated fusion of the viral envelope with the cellular membrane. The specificity of CPV is controlled on its cell binding abilities. The CPV use the feline transferrin receptor (TfR) for the binding and infection of feline cells. Binding of CPV to the canine TfRs is controlled by the interactions between the apical domain of the TfR and a raised region of the capsid. Aside form the raised region of the capsid, there are other two regions where the host range-controlling residues are located. Meanwhile, it should be noted that it is the sequences of the residues of the capsid that controls the host specificity of the   CPV. The three residues are found to be different from FPV isolates and CPV type 2. Alterations in the three residues of   the capsid allowed the virus to infect canine cells (Hueffer et al. 2003). CPV specifically binds to the canine transferrin receptor which is only present on canine cells, therefore, causing infection only to canine family (Hueffer et al. 2004) .ReferencesHueffer, K., Govindasamy, L., Agbandje-McKenna, M., and Parrish, C. R. (2003). Combinations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Two Capsid Regions Controlling Canine Host Range Determine Canine Transferrin   Ã‚   Receptor Binding by Canine and Feline Parvoviruses.   Journal of Virology, 77, 18,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10099–10105.Hueffer, K., Palermo, L. M., and Parrish, C. R. (2004). Parvovirus Infection of Cells by Using   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Variants of the Feline Transferrin Receptor Altering Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Membrane Domain Localization, and Capsid-Binding Domains Journal of Virology, 78,   Ã‚  Ã‚   11, 5601-5611.Hueffer, K., Parker, J. S. L.,   Weichert, W. S.,   Geisel, R. E., Sgro, J., and Parrish, C. R. (2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Natural Host Range Shift and Subsequent Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Resulted   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   fr om Virus-Specific Binding to the Canine Transferrin Receptor. Journal of Virology, 77, 3, 1718–1726.Skellenger, P. (2008). Canine Parvovirus (CPV). Retrieved August 6, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   searchwarp.com/swa303317.htmVihinen-Ranta, M., Suikkanen, S., Parrish, C. P. (2004). MINIREVIEW: Pathways of Cell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Infection by Parvoviruses and Adeno-Associated Viruses. Journal of Virology, 78,     Ã‚  Ã‚   6709–   6714.

World Politics Issues

World Politics Issues World politics refers to a globally prominent academic journal that specializes in political science. World politics was initiated in 1948. Scholars are usually encouraged to make as many contributions as possible. The key role of world politics is printing research articles, which contributes empirically and theoretically to researches, review articles, and materials concerned with politics and global relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Politics Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The journal is extremely important in the field of global relations. This paper aims at discussing why the issues of governance, performance, and international organization behavior are relevant in world politics. In 1944, the Rwandese Hutu government collaborated with the extremist allies and almost brought the Tutsi minority to an end. Approximately eight hundred thousand Tutsi were murdered. Some years later, Philip Gou revitch recounted the genocide story in The New Yorker. In the story, Philip claimed that the world governance had the ability to stop the genocide but nothing had been done. Consequently, this story aroused great interest in President Clinton. In response, he sent copies to Sandy Berger where he authorized more investigations. Clinton was amazed at how such a critical genocide could have happened. However, President Clinton showed his outrage and urgency at the wrong time since he had taken no action at the appropriate time to stop the genocide (Barnett and Martha 125). On the same note, President Clinton’s administration had taken no interest to arouse his attention. There were concerns regarding whether President Clinton did not possess information about the genocide as the marginalia pointed out (Kuperman 100). The United States is still engaging in the search for a detailed policy aimed at solving the grave communal conflicts. The comprehensive researches concern the mas s killings that occurred in Rwanda, Somalia, and Bosnia. Moreover, they are being carried out years after the killings took place. The key concern is that the nations participating in the researches may have been dormant during the occurrences. Why then are the nations showing concern when it is too late? There are two principles that apply for the Washington’s policymakers. First, the United States ground troops are never allowed to participate in humanitarian involvements when civil wars are taking place. Second, there are exclusions particularly where involvements can be implemented at low costs. It is worth noting that nations voice their intentions to fight against genocide in the political spectrums (Power para 4).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority of the nations consent that the United States should play a more participative role in case of a nother genocide. However, there is no consent yet about what the interventions of the US would entail. In the case of the Rwandese genocide in 1994, deploying approximately five thousand troops from the US could have prevented the mass killings. This was a claim made by the commanding general from the United Nations in Rwanda. Amazingly, the claim was supported by a wide array of global bodies. The violence and mass killings in Rwanda played a great role in contributing to insecurity in places such as Kigali (Power para 2). During instances of genocides, the governance, performance, and international organization behaviors are usually under test. It is during such a time that the leadership in countries is portrayed by how immediately countries respond to the genocide. Global media reports focus on the country facing the genocide. Barnett, Michael and Martha Finnemore. Rules for the World. London: Cornell University Press, 2004. Print. Kuperman, Alan. â€Å"Rwanda in Retrospect.â €  Foreign Affairs (2000): 94-118. Print. Power, Samantha. â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide,† Atlantic Monthly, 2001. Web. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/.

American Popular Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Popular Culture - Assignment Example This is an area that requires a study by someone whose interest is on the modern culture (popular culture and the cultural studies) either in America or the world. This has significant effects to the world at large. Ashby has reviewed on this very dynamic popular culture as well as the cultural struggle. He provides a readable narrative that finds the appropriate balance between the sufficient history and the complexity of this culture (Ashby, 132). Popular culture has continually commoditized the radical ideas that exist all over the world and has changed tastes and expectations of people significantly. Popular culture usually condones fantasy, gossip and sex as well as fraud by big fishes at higher places thus impacting the whole world by instilling these vices in the Americans and the world society at large. It is evident that gossip and sex scandals have increased in the recent past among the big names such as Presidents, musicians etc. President who have been involved in this in clude; Bill Clinton, South African President Yacob Zuma etc. It is democratic and continually reverberates with the always contested history of the modern days. The popular culture is a critical component with the kind of the market economy emerging and the wide values of the middle class. This also provides an opening for the fantasy, dreams and dissent as well as its commoditization. Ashby related the popular culture with the political conflicts which actually defined the American life as well as their identity. This actually started at war eras and this later lead to the emergence of mass media which brought about great change to the whole world. These mass media included; radio, television and also film. In the Cold War era there were some contradictory forces which defined America as free and with no class in the society later to intensify xenophobia and censorship which is seen as inclusionary versus exclusionary. Growth in music industry such as development and popularity of country music in the post war times brought the dark side of life as these songs mainly were on the loneliness, suffering and failed love as well as cheating. These vices have been condoned at the modern culture and they are on the increase and its fascinating history of values and cultural politics that reflects on family values as well as the terrorism that reminds about the cold war attacks. Extremists and evangelists argue that the best measures of ideological conflict are the conservative reactions which should be employed on the developments of the popular culture. It is believed that the American popular culture is giving a moral ruin throughout the mass media resources which has resulted to changed morals of the media sources of the other part of the world (Ashby, 240). However the popular culture is contain inspirational and instructive messages and therefore promotes diversity as well as the victories by the people who practice on this inspirational information. There are more dreams that exist and researchers as well as the artists across the globe will have more significant change to the popular culture. Popular culture is a dream machine which acts as a flagship of democracy in culture. This is a gateway that gives a chance for trash to be elevated to the highest places of wealth and fame thereby having great impact to the generation and generation being raised and no hope of getting back to where we came from. This is the effect of the democratic culture that has developed. Currently in

Tennessee WilliamsCat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tennessee WilliamsCat on a Hot Tin Roof - Essay Example The author develops a series of both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts, which sustains the story to completion. The plot begins with the Brick trying to recapture his glory days as an athlete. He is in a drunken state and therefore loses his control and fall thus obtaining an injury that leaves him dependent on crutches. This depicts underlying conflicts in the life of the play’s main character. The scene reveals his dissatisfaction with his marriage a major trend that compels him to alcoholism. Meanwhile, Big Daddy, Brick’s father, is being discharged from the hospital and the event coincide with his sixty-fifth birthday thus prompting his extended family to organize him a grand birthday party. The grand birthday become s major issue in the play as every character becomes absorbed in the organization thus concealing the underlying differences among the characters. The author does not develop a tragedy in the story; he appreciates the difference among the character but simply develops conflicts from such. The author strives to maintain a jovial mood in the play with the characters enjoying themselves. At first is Brick having a fun moment on the track trying to relive his high school years then the scenes shift to the organization of the grand birthday party for Big Daddy. The party is a great success and manages to conceal the disease the old man is suffering from. By covering the disease in deceit, the characters seek to maintain the jovial mood of the play, which is unlike in tragedies where characters live sorrowful lives. The conspiracy is revealed and the entire family later learns that Big Daddy is suffering from cancer. The news depresses the family for a while but they eventually heal. In fact, the news compels Brick to reconcile with his father thus solving their differences. By reconciling their differences, the two characters liven the mod of the play

Organisational Behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Organisational Behaviour - Case Study Example ndividuals’ needs into two groups: needs arising from man’s nature to avoid pain from the surrounding and the need thought that comes from unique trait to grow psychologically. An organization’s main agenda is maximizing output at a minimum cost. To attain that, a manager must use motivators to achieve the goals of the business. Workers have difference characters thus attract different motivators. The company’s factors taken into consideration in an attempt to motivate employees are company policy and management, Supervision–technical relationship with supervisor, work conditions, and Salary. Other company’s factors are the relationship with peers, personal life relationship with subordinates among others. Most employees would like to grow in their jobs and develop their carriers more while doing their duties. Employees who are growth oriented get motivated if they feel that their respective workplaces are capable of advancing their specialization. Employers should take into account that some workers need only recognition to improve their productivity. The veterans prefer recognition as the best motivator to any other form of motivation. A good work would make some employees happier and motivated, and such people believe in the result as a motivator rather than anything else. Another group of persons has a philosophy of achievement and responsibility as their motivators (Frederick Herzberg theory). Organization culture refers to a particular pattern of shared assumptions values and beliefs that control workers in a given working environment about how they behave think and tackle their task (Bratton et al., 2010). Culture in an organization promotes work motivation. Senior management should abandon their bureaucratic control regimes to inculcate a common culture to unite and win the faith of employees. A high culture integrates several organizational values, which would stimulate corporation among workmates. A firm where people belief on a common

Privacy Issues in Electronic Media

Privacy Issues in Electronic Media The beginning of the 21st century was dominated by extraordinary development of electronic media. Electronic Media encompasses all aspects of digital video production for traditional broadcast and cable television, as well as for distribution formats such as CD, DVD and the Internet (Kutztown, No Date). Electronic medias are used in all over the world. At once electronic medias’ were luxury items but in the modern world everyone use electronic medias. Privacy means someone may want to keep some aspect of his life or behavior private simply because it would be embarrassing for other people to know about it (James, R. , 1975) The term of privacy is used in every scenario as well as in political, defense, legal and media. Privacy is important for many things in day to day life. People have to face consequence due to hot having privacy. Man can be debilitated due to not having any restrictions on the public access. When considering about the privacy of electronic media communication every service provider or company must have their own messaging policies. If the company not follow the guidelines of the electronic media communication policy the transmitted data may be at a risk. Electronic communication channels are more secured with the newest technologies, but someone use this technologies itself to listen the electronic talks. Some developed states use government acts to protect the privacy of the people, as an example the subscriber of the cable television protected from unauthorized use of personal information gathering by the cable operations. Most of the countries prohibited the security cameras placed in private areas The places obliviously Inside the ATMs, office breach rooms and locker rooms are the prohibited places to use hidden cameras. More than thirty countries absolutely prohibited unauthorized filming by using hidden cameras without preference of the persons. Truthfulness and accuracy is one of the common code of electronic medias’ ethics and the reporters of the electronic medias are expected to report accurate and correct news to the public. Incorrect content may create misunderstandings and security problems, thus causing many problems after the publishing A speak falsely about someone or damaging the person reputation it called as slander A variety of modern technologies available to tracking appropriate use of electronic communication devices however, the companies must review information that they going to publish and also Content of information provided by the reporters must be fair. Details of suspects and plaintiffs are published in electronic media daily which is not ethical. If the plaintiff or the suspect found innocent after investigation it is very difficult to change the attitude of the society. New regulations shall be implemented to restrict these information published before investigations are completed. Imitating characters of popular persons in films has an ethical issue. These imitations shall be minimized or characters shall be re structured so that real character will not be highlighted. News reporters be careful about the individuals privacy when given publicity for the news. When publishing news concerning suicide and attempted suicide particularly consider about the feelings and relatives of the peoples. And also report possible considerations for victims of murder or accident. The news reporters do not emphasize the nationality religion or gender in the case of persons. Some of the local television channels broadcasting violence scenes with the movies and TV dramas. This is a grate negative effect on young people, young people try to react as same in the home. During the north and east war many brutal incidents were directly brought to the living rooms through the electronic media. These aggressive scenes may loose the peaceful mentality of people. In many electronic media telecast action films and war films are being telecasted and many of the children are addicted to these films. This is harmful to the mental health of children. This will cause social and emotional problem that will lead into adulthood. Photography is a language of visual understanding of the people Images and videos can catch the grate truths of the peoples places and much more. Public electronic media such as television and radio shall not be used for racism. Electronic media has a responsibility to give true news to the country, but as a professional media the news which published shall not create any racism among people of different races. And also these news shall not violate the rights of all races who live in Sri Lanka. Public media is treated as a professional business . And also this electronic media has a capacity of changing the attitudes and beliefs of people. Professional electronic media has a responsibility by the society. All the electronic medias have a competition among each other media. But the professional qualities of any media shall not be neglected. When international games are played specially foot ball and cricket, Many officials are used to watch the Television. Owing to this situation many works in the offices are delayed. This practice cannot be stopped but as a solution executive officers can implement a system for officers to watch the television during the lunch time only. This will enable to minimize the negligence of the work at office. Using the office telephones during working hours for personal matters is another expenditure and this practice must be limited. Electronic Media Law and Regulation is an overview of the major legal and regulatory issues facing broadcasting, cable, and developing media. It enables current and prospective electronic media professionals to easily understand the complex and intimidating realm of law and regulation by presenting information from major cases, rules, regulations, and legal documents in a concise and readable manner ) The cable TV industry had faced many legal issues including customer service complains programming and rate regulations and lack of competition. CableTelevisionConsumer ProtectionandCompetitionActof1992 was introduced in America. According to this law requires cablesystemstocarrymostlocalbroadcastchannelsandprohibitedcableoperatorsfromcharginglocalbroadcasterstocarrytheirsignal. In 1990 Federal communication commission (FCC) introduced elimination time guideline for the children television programs (Electronic Media and Regulations,2013). But this time guideline was applied by the ACT (Action For Children Television) and the court appeals remanded to the FCC. According to that act restrict the advertising during the children programs and encourage the broadcasters to telecast educational and informational programs at least 3 hours per week. References Creech,K.C.,2013, Electronic Media And Regulation, Laws Of Children TV Programs,[online]Availableat:http://books.google.lk/books?id=1WAqAAAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Electronic Media Kutztown University . 2014. Electronic Media Kutztown University[ONLINE]Availablat:http://www2.kutztown.edu/academics/undergraduate-programs/electronic-media.htm. [Accessed 07 November 2014]. James, R., 1975. Why Privacy is Important. Philosophy Public Affairs, 4(4), pp.323-333

Behavior Changes of MDMA :: Illegal Drugs Medical Psychology Ecstasy Essays

Behavior Changes of MDMA The secondary effects on behavior are expressed in several ways that differ from one person to the next. These effects can range from memory impairment and anxiety, to depression and mood swings. They are a direct result of the chemical changes within the body that occur when someone uses ecstasy. I will discuss the range of effects in more detail, with explanations that get to the root causes for each. One of the major behavior changes, after the effects of the drug have worn off, is a symptom of the reduced levels of serotonin in the brain. As ecstasy infiltrates the brain tissues, its effects cause the brain to produce copious amounts of serotonin. Following such an extreme release of this neurotransmitter, the brain goes through of period of time in which it has a below normal level of serotonin. This reduced level creates elevated levels of anxiety in users, and can often result in panic attacks that persist for several months following the use of the drug. However, it is important to note that, according to a study from the European Journal of Pharmacology (Gurtman, et al, 2002); "whether such effects are a direct result of MDMA use†¦ is, at present, uncertain." This admission goes to show that correlation doesn't mean causation, and that until further research can be done we can only speculate about the relationship between the two. Another side effect, that is reported to be affected by the levels of serotonin in the brain, is that of memory functioning. Several different areas of memory are included in this assertion, including cognitive capacity, recall over time, and planning ability. It is suggested that heavy users, when compared to a control group, have a harder time with primary areas of brain functioning that relate to memory. In a study conducted at the University of Cologne, in Germany (Gouzoulis- Mayfrank, et. al, 2004), research indicates that, "findings of relatively low memory performance associated with heavy ecstasy use have been relatively consistent across different studies and user populations." This assertion is fairly recent in the literature, which would suggest that the findings have taken note of the broad range of studies that came before it. With that said, it's hard to ignore the idea that a drug that induces such euphoric effects on the mindset of an

Human Resources in the Aviation Industry

Human Resources in the Aviation Industry Submitted to: Mrs. Jasmina Popov-Locke Submitted by: Maha A. Jammoul CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Recruitment and Selection Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4-12 Effect of recruitment, selection, and interviewing processes on Southwest Airlines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13-17 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 INTRODUCTION Human resources is a very important and essential element of any business. In the aviation industry, it plays a vital role due the contribution it makes to the over-all employee-firm relationship.Human resources concern the human side of managing enterprises and employees’ relations with their firms. It makes sure that the employees of the company are being used in such a manner that the employer obtains greatest possible benefit from the employees’ abilities and the employees, on the other hand, obtain optimum material and psychological rewards from their respective work. This assignment will be covering each stage of the recruitment and selection processes in general terms with applicable examples given from the aviation industry to support its description.An explanation of how the recruitment, selection, and interviewing processes can affect the operation of an organization within the aviation industry will be provided as well. P2 – Describe the recruitment and selection process followed by aviation organizations in order to meet obligations. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING Human Resource Planning includes forecasting the n umber and kinds of employees that will be required in the future and to what extent the given demand is likely to be met. Basically, it wraps around the idea of number of workers, type of workers, skills needed, and cost-factor included in such process.The Human Resource Planning helps in the following areas when it comes to decision-making: 1. Recruitment 2. Avoidance of redundancies 3. Training – numbers and categories 4. Management development 5. Estimates of labour costs 6. Productivity bargaining 7. Accommodation requirements Few important points : ? Human Resource Planning needs continuous readjustments due to instability of an organization goal and uncertainty of the environment of the business. ? HRP is complex because of many independent variables involved in it such as invention, population changes, consumer demand, etc. A feedback must be included in case the objectives are to be modified due to the plan’s inability to be fulfilled. RECRUITMENT Recruitment i s basically the first part in the process of filling a vacancy. It includes examining the vacancy, considering sources of suitable candidates, and contacting candidates and attracting applications from them. ? If the vacancy is additional to the present workforce: 1. A new employee is needed 2. A compiled job specification is needed SOURCES: ? Headhunting This process is also known as â€Å"executive search† where it is believed that he best candidates are those who are successful in their current jobs and are not thinking of moving elsewhere instead of those who are replying to advertisements and are looking for jobs in any other ways. ? Advertising It is the most popular method o recruitment wherein the vacancy is advertised and candidates are invited to apply to the company. Few pointers on Advertising: ? The advertisement should have a job specification and a personnel specification contained in it. ? The advertisement must appear in the appropriate publication. Experimen ts regarding response to different sizes, headings, wording, page position, etc should be done. ? Careful records about the advertisement should be kept. ? The response should be analyzed. ? Courteous letter must be sent to rejected candidates. Processes involved in Recruitment: ? Application: Candidates fill up application forms or submit their curriculum vitae. ? Initial Screening: Screening out totally irrelevant applicant is done during the recruitment process especially when the organization has high number of applicants to be assessed in the selection process. SELECTIONIn the process of selection, the candidates for the specific job will be assessed and filtered out based on their level of compatibility with the organization or firm as a whole. Common Steps taken by Manager in the Selection Process: 1. Comparing of application forms and looking for candidates exhibiting suitability for the job. 2. Making a list of candidates to be interviewed and a list of rejected applicants (Short-listing). 3. Deciding what type of interview should be given and what test should be used. 4. Taking down notes on the applicants’ performance in the interview and tests. ? Interview MethodThis is the most common method used. The interview is conducted by the recruiter and types of interview vary from one organization to another e. g. individual, successive, panel. In this method, the applicant will be answering questions given by the interviewer wherein his/her communication skills and job knowledge will be put to test. ? Psychometric Testing Method In this method, applicants will be assessed based on their personalities and their ability to fit in the organization. ? Aptitude Testing Method Skills of the applicants are being assessed in this given method. ? In-tray Exercise MethodExercise or activities will be given to the candidates which will show their performance level on the job they will be handling. ? Presentation Method Skills and ideas of candidates will be evident in this type of selection method. Organizations using this type of method are more after a person’s creative ideas than his/her academic proficiency. ? Medical Tests Process Medical tests are done for the employer to ensure that the applicant is free from any contagious disease that may harm other people in the organization. This test is also done for jobs that have some medical standard that the applicants must meet such as pilots and the like. Background Checks Process Background and security checks are being performed to assess an applicant’s â€Å"sterility† and to avoid any kind of threat to an organization. It is a very crucial part of selection when it comes to certain types of industry such as the aviation industry where it is prone to threats and attacks. ? Written Examination Process Psychometric and aptitude testing methods fall under this process. This examination process helps in assessing the over-all job knowledge of the candidate and base d on this, the organization will be able to determine is/her compatibility and qualification. HIRING When the suitable candidate emerges from the selection process, a job offer must be received by him/her. The job offer might be: 1. Oral 2. Written The initial job offer must include : 1. The wage or salary offered 2. Name of the job and any special conditions 3. Condition of the employment, hours, holidays, bonuses, and fringe benefits 4. Provisos must be stated 5. Date and time to get in touch again in case the applicant asks time for consideration of the job offer.If the applicant accepts the initial offer, the conditions and everything that is stated in the letter will be made official and its accuracy is very important for it will be regarded as a permanent record. ? Induction This is the process of receiving the employees when they begin work. They’ll be introduced to the company and colleagues and informed of the activities, customs, and traditions of the company. ? Fol low- up In this process, the employee will be asked about how he/she feels about the job and his/her progress to the present time.Reviews and comments on the employees will be asked for from the immediate superiors. A proper and adequate training will be provided for some employees by the organization if needed and sometimes, switching of jobs or stations takes place depending on where the employer sees the employee performs and excels the most. SOUTHWEST AIRLINES RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING: ? Southwest Airlines go after the creative kind of people and those who have an attitude. ? The company culture plays an integral part in the business and that’s why flexible and unconventional ideas are welcomed by the rganization. ? This airline gives importance to its â€Å"fun-LUVing† culture. RECRUITMENT: ? Online resumes are being accepted by Southwest Airlines which includes uploading your resume, cutting and pasting, or using their Resume Wiza rd. ? Advertisements on jobs available can be seen on their website ? All job specifications, requirements, and benefits are found on their website ? Interested applicants can choose a specific job, register, and make an account as a job seeker on their website. Submission of resume online is followed if the applicant is really interested. SELECTION: A screening-meeting is held for all those who wish to join the Southwest Airlines group wherein requirement information and conditions on how to get the job will be received during this process. ? A background check and drug test will be undergone during the interview process which is one-on-one. Failure to pass the tests will automatically remove the applicant from consideration. ? A class or training depending on the selected job should be attended and passed during the last process of selection in the Southwest Airlines. ? Unconventional and creative applicants are a major consideration to the airlines. Applicants who don’t ha ve sense of humour and a care-free attitude are not being selected by the organization for those type of applicants contradict with the culture of the organization. HIRING: ? Job offer letters are being given to the suitable and accepted applicants which includes all the necessary information needed about the job and the terms and conditions. ? An induction takes place for newly hired applicants in the Southwest Airlines. ? People-skills courses at the University for People, Southwest’s training center in Dallas, are being gone through by employees once they are hired.M1 – Explain how recruitment and selection and interviewing processes can affect the operation of a specified aviation organization. Southwest Airlines Operations is all about the over-all performance and effectiveness of the employees comprising the organization. How activities and â€Å"things† work out in Southwest Airlines is mainly based on its workforce since first of all, it’s in an i ntangible type of industry, the aviation industry. Operations basically refer to activities wherein the services and products being provided by the airlines.It mainly deals with the manner or how the services and products are being offered or provided. EFFECT OF SOUTHWEST AIRLINES’ RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS ON ITS OPERATIONS STEP BY STEP PROCESS: PLANNING: ? Right type of candidates are being targeted to attract for recruitment ? Expenses are being minimized due to the initial planning and knowing what type of applicants to go after RECRUITMENT: ? Correct and right kind of advertisements are being distributed as a result of the effective planning done in the first place ? Right brand or organization image is being projected through the advertisements ?Right type of applicants are being attracted SELECTION: ? Methods used directly filter out irrelevant candidates and leave the most suitable ones behind ? Having the most suitable applicants are being based on the effect ive selection method used by Southwest Airlines depending on the standards and culture requirements being tackled in the first process which is planning. HIRING: ? Right hiring process brings about employee satisfaction ? Employee satisfaction results in effective employee performance ? Effective employee performance results in good businessEFFECT ON THE OVER-ALL OPERATIONS AT SOUTHWEST AIRLINES 1. High rank in customer service ? Southwest Airline’s principle of putting the employees first which is a part of their recruitment and selection process brings about the concept of them having high ranks when it comes to customer service. Since they take good care of their employees, they assume that this care will be passed on as well to the customers by the employees. The employees in this organization take a good care of their customers because the employer is taking care of them in the first place. . Ranked Number One in America's Happiest Airlines for Holiday Travel by Forbes f or the third consecutive year ? The recruitment, selection, and interview process at Southwest Airlines is a very evident cause of this ranking. This is an effect of having their unique recruitment standard which is to go after people who don’t take themselves too seriously and have the care-free spirit. The people that they have recruited carry on with them a sense of humour which makes the travel experience for their customers more fun and happy. During interview, the candidates are being asked about how they’ve used their sense of humour during difficult situations. On the other hand, those who walk in over-dressed are asked to change to Bermuda shorts wherein candidates who refuse to do so are automatically disqualified. In here we can see how evident happiness and fun is being observed throughout their recruitment, selection, and interview process. ?Hence, the success in their recruitment, selection and interview process brought about this effect through having th e right and most suitable applicants joining their operations 3.Profitable business for 42 years now ?The success of their business is a by-product of the HR department’s works. The whole process starting from planning up to hiring which is held responsible by the â€Å"People Department† is what made the company successful and profitable for a long period of time. They had the specific workforce they needed which was brought about through the recruitment and selection process. They obtained maximum benefit from their workforce’s skills and abilities and because of this, they are having a fruitful business. 4. Friendly employee-customer interaction The Southwest Airlines employees are being trained on their social skills and abilities. They are actually hired based on their inter-personal skills and friendly attitude. With that being said, they are able to maintain a healthy and friendly relationship with their customers. Being equipped with the social skills ne eded, they find it easy to be friendly and â€Å"real† when dealing with passengers. 5. Satisfied employees ? The CEO of Southwest Airlines, Gary Kelly, visits his employees randomly and from time to time to check on them and their performance.He asks them on how they are doing and feeling. Having that kind of communication which is face-to-face between the employer and his employees is what drives the employees to be more satisfied and motivated. What Gary Kelly is doing is a part of the employer care in the follow-up which falls under the last part of the recruitment and selection process better known as hiring. The wages, incentives, bonuses, pensions, â€Å"Southwest Citizenship†, career developments and all other offers is what is behind the satisfied employees of Southwest Airlines.Again, we can see what the effect of the whole recruitment and selection process was. It resulted in highly satisfied employees. 6. Good employee performance ?The performance of the em ployees in their respective jobs is the â€Å"core operation† in the airlines. Southwest Airlines is very fortunate to have a good or, in my opinion, a great workforce performance. Why is this so? We fall back to the same redundant reason—recruitment, selection, and interview process held by the HR department. Going back to the previous point, employees are satisfied and motivated.Obviously, contented employees end up performing well for their jobs. They do whatever is assigned and expected from them in an effective manner. For Southwest, it works well for them since their workforce is equipped with the talent, attitude, and creativity that meet their business needs. As a proof for this, a flight attendant onboard Southwest Airlines rapped the safety instructions to be followed by the passengers. This is a job well-done for the airlines because the employee made use of his creativity to please and satisfy the passengers. 7.Right and accurate brand image is being projec ted to the public ? Through the employees and the advertisements being send out, the culture of the company is being reflected to the public. The idea of what the company is all about and what is its â€Å"tradition† is being conveyed to the mass and this brings about a positive brand image and a positive word of mouth. Not only that, the operations in Southwest Airlines have everything to do with their culture that is being initially set during the planning stage of the recruitment and selection process and is being observed until its last part.So, the friendly and happy interaction between Southwest Airlines employees and passengers plants the positive, fun-loving, creative culture of the airlines in the passengers’ minds. 8. The accurate culture of Southwest Airlines which is fun-LUVing is being continually set ? While the recruitment, selection, and interview process of the Southwest airlines continues on observing its optimum vessel which is their culture, â€Å" their type of people† are being continuously drawn to them. Through this, the type of workforce present enables the company to have its culture set straight-out.As far as Southwest airline is concerned, until now, they are still successful in setting their culture and making the mass get their idea behind it. They can’t be successful with doing so without their employees complying and demonstrating that kind of culture which all turns back to the HR as their responsibility to recruit and hire those people who are capable of adapting to their fun-LUVing culture. CONCLUSION The Human Resource Department is responsible for the Recruitment and Selection Process of an organization.They make sure that the appropriate applicants are being drawn to them through their advertisements and culture set which is all done during the workforce planning process. The recruitment and selection process varies from one company to another but usually it involves four immediate steps – workforce planning, recruitment, selection, and hiring. During this process, the main goal of the firm is to get the best candidate possible for a designated job. Getting the â€Å"best† applicant depends on the standards and culture of an organization.In the aviation industry, it is very important for the human resource department of any organization to be able to get the workforce that meets their business needs since they offer an intangible service and experience. This service is what puts them either ahead or behind the competition in the industry. The recruitment, selection, and interview at any given organization and in any type of industry will shape how the operations in that certain company take place and how activities and jobs run – smoothly or roughly. BIBLIOGRAPHY Human Resources Management (Graham ; Bennett, 1998)Mrs. Jasmina Popov-Locke’s PowerPoint Presentation (Outcome 1) http://swamedia. com/channels/Corporate-Fact-Sheet/pages/corporate-fact- sheet#distinctions http://www. arichall. com/academic/papers/om5210-hrm. pdf http://www. wikihow. com/Become-a-Southwest-Airlines-Flight-Attendant http://www. indeed. com/forum/cmp/Southwest-Airlines/southwest-airline-hiring-process/t255708/p9 http://www. newteacher. com/obooks/Chapter_5/iaculture. html http://www. news. com. au/breaking-news/bored-flight-attendant-raps-safety-briefing/story-e6frfkp9-1111119158261 www. southwest. com

Free Essays on How Languages Are Learned

and sentences that have multiple meanings. Gives kids access to word jokes, trick questions, riddles  · Simultaneous bilinguals: learn and hear more than one language from birth on  · Sequential bilinguals: learn second language later  · Subtractive bilinguals: cut off from family language as they are emerged in the second language. Children are caught because they have not had time to master the first language Developmental Sequences  · Grammatical morphemes: o Roger brown said that they develop in sequences (5) kids who have mastered the bottom of the list was sure to have mastered the top. o Order of acquisition o Longitudinal study: over a period of time  · Negation: learn to deny, reject, disagree with and refuse something o Stage one: first neg, usually expressed by the word â€Å"no† in a simple sentence o Stage 2: utterances g... Free Essays on How Languages Are Learned Free Essays on How Languages Are Learned HOW LANGUAGES ARE LEARNED CHAPTER 1: LEARNING A FIRST LANGUAGE  · Infants are able to hear subtle differences between sounds of human language  · By end of one year they can understand a few frequently used words. They can produce a couple of words that are recognizable  · By age 2, 50 words, and combine these words into simple sentences o Mommy juice o Telegraphic sentences: the leave out many auxiliary verb, articles, prepositions, etc. o They are recognized as sentences even though function word and grammatical morphemes are missing, the word order reflects the language they are hearing  · By age 3-4, most children ask questions or give commands, report real events, and create stories about imaginary ones-complete with correct grammatical morphemes.  · By 4 children have mastered the basic structures of the language  · Metalinguistic awareness: the ability to read language as an object, separate from the meaning it conveys-develops more slowly. Major metalinguistic awareness occurs when kids learn to read.  · MA includes the discovery of things such as ambiguity- words and sentences that have multiple meanings. Gives kids access to word jokes, trick questions, riddles  · Simultaneous bilinguals: learn and hear more than one language from birth on  · Sequential bilinguals: learn second language later  · Subtractive bilinguals: cut off from family language as they are emerged in the second language. Children are caught because they have not had time to master the first language Developmental Sequences  · Grammatical morphemes: o Roger brown said that they develop in sequences (5) kids who have mastered the bottom of the list was sure to have mastered the top. o Order of acquisition o Longitudinal study: over a period of time  · Negation: learn to deny, reject, disagree with and refuse something o Stage one: first neg, usually expressed by the word â€Å"no† in a simple sentence o Stage 2: utterances g...

The eNotes Blog All Things Tolkien Five Ways to Await the Release of TheHobbit

All Things Tolkien Five Ways to Await the Release of TheHobbit If you are counting the days until the December 14, 2012 release date of  The Hobbit (Part I)  chances are you do not have a girlfriend and therefore need to find ways to pass the time. (I kid the geeks I kid. Some of them do not have  boyfriends.) Not to worry. Since its original publication in 1937, and the Lord of the Rings  trilogy that followed (between 1938 and 1949)  Tolkeins world of Hobbits, Ringwraiths, elves, and wizards has enthralled generations, inspiring countless songs, studies, puzzles, tributes, and cosplays. Here are just a few ways you can count down the next 35 days or however they measure time in Middle Earth. 1.   Listen to Led Zeppelins Ramble On on Auto-repeat (Sing along now!) Mines a tale that cant be told, my freedom I hold dear. How years ago in days of old, when magic filled the air. Twas in the darkest depths of Mordor, I met a girl so fair. But Gollum, and the evil one crept up and slipped away with her, her, her.yeah. 2. Trace Middle Earths Family Tree Ever wonder how, exactly, Fingoflin is related to Maeglin? Well, you can be prepared for that next panel discussion at the 2013  Ã‚  Comicon  by memorizing all 817 characters and their relationships to one another. Theres even an app for that! And you can keep up with all the other people interested in the complex  genealogy  of the works by staying in touch on Facebook. 3.   Start Getting Prepared Now  for Comic-Con Every summer the San Diego Convention Center is host to the worlds largest gathering of fantasy.enthusiasts many who dress up in elaborate costumes as homage to their favorite characters. Once only a venue for comic books, Comic-Con now caters to multiple genres including horror, anime, toys, and more. So extend No-Shave November through July and youve likely grown yourself some fine Hobbit feet! 4. Whip up Second Breakfasts and Elevenses Nothing passes the time quite like eating so why not try to make your own delicious Seedcakes, courtesy of   The Lord of the Rings Cookbook.   Whether you need some comfort food for breakfast, second breakfast, elevenses, luncheon, tea, dinner and/or supper, Ms. Kittle has you covered. 5.   How About a   Hobbit Jigsaw Puzzle? Get a pizza, the LOTR  trilogy on DVD, shove the cat(s) off the table and get busy with this vintage two-sided puzzle. Done? Great! Only 4 and a half more weeks to go!

Future of Cataloging, Resource Description, Indexing And Abstracting Essay

Future of Cataloging, Resource Description, Indexing And Abstracting - Essay Example The knowledge base comprises of information professionals who add their valuable info to pool up the system and for all this is for the achievement of a relatively better efficiency. The problem is how to acquire the relevant information or how to extract the required from the pool. This was once an issue in the past as record searching was very tedious and at times it took days for individuals to come up with the adequate set of retrievals. This was aided by the term ‘Cataloging’. Cataloging meant giving an appropriate identification of the item from where it can be easily retrieved. Cataloging can easily be understood if we take into account a library containing many books and journals and you step inside to search for data on economic facts in the World War II era. To get this information you needed to approach the librarian who will present you a book that is compiled of many abstracts from the various books that contain information about the desired World War II facts. This item is called as the catalog and it contains the description of the different books or journals referring to your search. From this catalog you can filter out your choices easily and as there is adequate resource description you could also go for different writer choices. Thus once decided which to choose, you look down at the catalog to find the location of the desired information tool (Book/journal). Thus the catalog acts as a fa ir assistant to you in minimizing your search time and effectively grants you the opportunity to identify your needs well. Cataloging has facilitated searching immensely. An important terminology within the catalog is the resource description. The catalog contains every bit of information required about the resource and therefore again is regarded as an effective tool for information handling purpose.

Generation Limbo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Generation Limbo - Essay Example In this respect, my intention is to explore ways of becoming an employer myself. I intend to explore investment avenues for small and/or medium enterprises, thereby creating jobs and employment opportunities to other people. In case this plan fails, I will consider alternative jobs that directly or indirectly utilize my knowledge and skills within or without my area of specialty. At a personal level, business future is undoubtedly worrying. The number of graduates is consistently outmatching job creation efforts. At the same time, the disparity between the rich and the poor is growing at an alarming rate, thereby making it harder for fresh graduates to realize their personal and career goals. In light of the â€Å"Generation Limbo† issues, college is a helpful institution. College exposes me to diverse personal, academic, and professional experiences.in so doing, college life prepares me for more than just job search and employment. It equips me with the knowledge and skills to pursue survival opportunities, over and above career growth and